To expand the quantitative, systems level understanding and foster the expansion of the biotechnological applications of the filamentous bacteriophage m, we have unified the accumulated quantitative information on m biology into a geneticallystructured, experimentallybased computational simulation of the entire phage life cycle. The phage infects a bacterium, hijacks the bacterium to make lots of phages, and then kills the cell by making it explode lyse. There are currently 36 species in this genus including the type species enterobacteria phage m. May 26, 2011 several decades ago m phage was observed to inhibit bacterial conjugation, but the mechanism was unknown. In lytic cycle the subsequent steps are synthesis of phage components, assembly, maturation and. The phage infects a bacterium and inserts its dna into the bacterial chromosome, allowing the phage dna now called a prophage to be copied and passed on along with the cells. The key difference between yac and m phage vector is that yac is an artificial chromosome which replicates in yeast cells while m phage vector is a single stranded circular dna of bacteriophage m which replicates in e coli cells. A bacteriophage reproduces by one of two types of life cycles. Bacteriophages are composed of proteins that encapsulate a dna or rna genome, and may have structures that are. D by diffusion through the bacterial cell membrane. While the lysogenic life cycle of m is a huge advantage for the. This bacteriophage video explains the assembly of bacteriophage m. Certain types attach themselves to the cell membrane of the bacterium and instill a charge of dna into the cytoplasm.
Inhibition of bacterial conjugation by phage m and its. The m bacteriophage is a filamentous phage with a circular singlestranded dna genome. M phage bacteriophage m was first isolated from wastewater in munich hofschneider, 1963. Bacteriophage, also called phage or bacterial virus, any of a group of viruses that infect bacteria. M was developed into a useful cloning vector by inserting the following elements into the genome. The filamentous bacteriophage of escherichia coli e. Most phages that do integrate into the host genome encode a recombinase. For this reason, m is not considered to have a true lysogenic state and is not a temperate phage.
The ff filamentous phages f1, fd, and m are independent isolates of the same fpilus. Yeast artificial chromosome yac and m phage vector are two types among them. Head consists of tightly packed dna covered by a protein coat, while tail is hollow core surrounded by contractile protein sheath. M terdiri dari untai tunggal dna yang dikelilingi oleh protein kapsid mayor dan minor. The ability to present biomolecules on the highly organized structure of m filamentous bacteriophage is a unique advantage. Recombinant m phage can be cloned from wellseparated plaques and used as a source of ssdna. M phage is a bacterial virus composed of a singlestranded dna encapsulated by various major and minor coat proteins. Some phage, like t4, are only capable of lytic growth. Like the twohybrid system, phage display is used for the highthroughput screening of protein interactions. The life cycle of m is relatively short, with the early phage progeny exiting the cell ten minutes after. Dna carries the genetic code of the virus, so that rapid multiplication of the. The first step in the replication of the phage in its host cell is called adsorption. The simulation reproduces the holistic behavior of m, closely matching experimentally reported values of the intracellular levels of phage species and the timing of events in the m life cycle.
The m bacteriophage is a filamentous phage with a circular singlestranded. Assembly of a genetically structured deterministic chemical kinetic simulation to expand the quantitative. Phages that follow lytic cycle are known to be virulent or lytic phages. It is a filamentous phage consisting of singlestranded dna and is circularly permuted. While lytic phages kill the cells they infect, temperate phages establish a persistent infection of the cell without killing it. Depending on the life cycle, phages can either by lytic virulent or lysogenic temperate. Investigation of the control mechanisms of m infection and establishment of the carrier state bacteriophage m is a true parasite of. A bacteriophage is of tadpole shape with a head and a tail. Cells infected with m phage, however, have a longer replication cycle, which means that as the infection proceeds, the areas of slowergrowing cells can be visualized as turbid plaques on the lawn of unaffected e. These cycles are the lysogenic life cycle and the lytic life cycle. Doc lysogenic vs lytic cycle of lambda phage akbar haqi. An investigation of the properties of bacteriophage m and the. Genetically engineered constructs were used to display different reactive species. Aug 28, 2018 the lysogenic cycle figure 3, sometimes referred to as temperate or nonvirulent infection, does not kill the host cell, instead using it as a refuge where it exists in a dormant state.
Grampositive and gramnegative bacteria specifically enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonadaceae, spirillaceae, xanthomonadaceae, clostridium and propionibacterium serve as natural hosts. Contents introduction how genome is transferred lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle life cycle lytic or lysogenic. The m phage is used for many recombinant dna processes due to its extreme size and the virus has also been studied for its uses in nanostructures and nanotechnology. The life cycle of m is relatively short, with the early phage progeny exiting the cell ten minutes after infection.
It is a bacterial virus, or bacteriophage, that infects the bacterial. In this technique, a gene encoding a protein of interest is inserted into a phage coat protein gene, causing the phage to display the protein on. C by budding through the bacterial nuclear membrane. The ability to tune the properties of phage particles is critical to all of the uses of phages in nanomaterials and engineering. Some phage are also capable of maintaining their chromosome in a stable, silent state within the bacteria. Life cycle of phage m microbiology biology discussion. The process of a phage infecting a bacterium and producing progeny is referred to as a lytic infection. M is a typical filamentous phage tables 5, 6 33, 35. Protein pill located on the tip of m contacts the tola protein located on the pilus of host cell.
The virion of m consists of a flexible helical capsid enclosing a. Genetically engineered constructs were used to display different reactive. P1 is a temperate bacteriophage phage that infects escherichia coli and a some other bacteria. Schematic representation of bacteriophage m replication cycle. Doc lysogenic vs lytic cycle of lambda phage akbar. Phage that are capable of both a lytic and lysogenic pathway are called temperate phage. Knowledge of the phage structure, understanding the mechanism of phagecell surface interaction, and revealing the process of switching the cell replication machinery for phage propagation would allow the design of phages specific for bacterial illnesses. The phage particle undergoes a chance collision at a chemically complementary site on the bacterial surface, then adheres to that site by means of its tail fibers. Introduction rolling circle replication m lifecyclemmp18mp19e. A representative scaledown system was created in tube spin reactors to allow parallel.
Latent phase shortest period required for phage production. Jul 08, 2009 the m phage is used for many recombinant dna processes due to its extreme size and the virus has also been studied for its uses in nanostructures and nanotechnology. Some phage, like t4, are only capable of lytic growth lysogenic cycle. Lambda phage is a noncontractile tailed phage, meaning during an infection event it cannot force its dna through a bacterial cell membrane. A general outline of the essential production stages of bacteriophage. An example of a bacteriophage known to follow the lysogenic cycle and the lytic cycle is the phage lambda of e. The bacteriophage known as m forms the basis of cloning systems designed to easily introduce mutations into genes inserted into the phage genome. M is a chronic phage, releasing its progeny without killing the host cells. Summary chart of life cycle of lytic and lysogenic phage source. The wild type of this virus has a temperate life cycle that allows it to either reside within the genome of its host through lysogeny or enter into a lytic. Inovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family inoviridae. It is a filamentous phage which has 6407 nucleotides. In this cycle the dna is put into the bacteria through the fpilus. While the lysogenic life cycle of m is a huge advantage for the system permitting very high viral titers, the virus assembly in the periplasm may present an obstacle for the displayed proteins to get across the inner host membrane, especially if they are highly soluble.
M is unusual because phage continually exit from a bacterium without killing it. In this article we will discuss about the life cycle of phage m. May 04, 2015 m phage bacteriophage m was first isolated from wastewater in munich hofschneider, 1963. Bacteriophage materials have the potential to revolutionize medicine, energy production and storage, agriculture, solar cells, optics and many other fields. After that a phage usually follows one of two life cycles, lytic virulent or lysogenic temperate. Bacteriophage m is another helical virus that has been used to template arrays of dyes and photocatalysts. Kinetic model development of the m bacteriophage life. The genome codes for a total of 10 genes named using roman numerals i through x figure 4. Kinetic simulation of m explores the mechanism of hostphage resource allocation.
Lysogenic species, which encode integrases, exist within this family. Genetic recombination occurs between the viral dna and the bacterial genome as the viral dna is inserted into the bacterial chromosome. Following the injection of the phage dna into the host cell, it integrates itself into the host genome, with the help of phage encoded integrases, where it is. Apr, 2014 bacteriophage materials have the potential to revolutionize medicine, energy production and storage, agriculture, solar cells, optics and many other fields.
Bacteriophages were discovered independently by frederick w. M is a filamentous bacteriophage composed of circular singlestranded dna ssdna which. In the lysogenic cycle, bacteriophages reproduce without killing the host. Phages that show only lytic cycle, and are called virulent phages. Single m bacteriophage tethering and stretching pnas. M adalah virus bakteri, atau faga, yang menginfeksi tetapi tidak mematikan sel inang bakteri. Introduction rolling circle replicationm lifecyclemmp18mp19e. Phage display is a laboratory technique for the study of proteinprotein, proteinpeptide, and proteindna interactions that uses bacteriophages viruses that infect bacteria to connect proteins with the genetic information that encodes them. Campbell 123 introduction bacteriophages phages are viruses that infect bacterial hosts. Lytic phages take over the machinery of the cell to make phage components. Lytic cycle life cycle of viruses that result in the lysis of the host bacterium b.
Apr 19, 2014 this bacteriophage video explains the assembly of bacteriophage m. The phage dna may integrate into the host genome via sitespecific homologous recombination. The name of the genus is derived from the greek word. M contains a circular singlestranded dna genome of 6407 nucleotides sur rounded by five. View m bacteriophage ppts online, safely and virusfree. M bacteriophage production for largescale applications. It must instead use an existing pathway to invade the host cell, having evolved the tip of its tail to interact with a specific pore to allow entry of its dna to the hosts. Lytic vs lysogenic understanding bacteriophage life cycles. Sometimes prophages may provide benefits to the host bacterium while they are dormant by adding new functions to the bacterial genome, in a phenomenon called lysogenic conversion. In the case of m filamentous phage display, the dna encoding the protein or peptide of interest is ligated into the piii or pviii gene, encoding either the minor or major coat protein, respectively. A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id.
Mar 20, 2007 the ability to present biomolecules on the highly organized structure of m filamentous bacteriophage is a unique advantage. To fulfill these needs, this study examined critical process parameters during phage propagation to increase phage production capability. A schematic drawing outlining the lifecycle of the m bacteriophage. When undergoing a lysogenic cycle the phage genome exists as a autonomous plasmid, that is maintained at low copy number, in the bacterium. Difference between yac and m phage vector compare the. The term was derived from bacteria and the greek phagein, meaning to devour. Several decades ago m phage was observed to inhibit bacterial conjugation, but the mechanism was unknown. As m phage is most commonly used and our primary isolate of interest, we will use m throughout the. The kinetic model was developed by converting the biology into ordinary differential equations through careful studying of the existing literature describing the m life cycle. P1 has an icosahedral head containing the phage dna attached to a 220nm long tube. It also explains the assembly and release of m bacteriophage.
This interaction causes a conformational change in pvili from 100%. In lytic cycle the subsequent steps are synthesis of phage components, assembly, maturation and release. Supports role of phage proteinbased translational attenuation as key. During infection a phage attaches to a bacterium and inserts its genetic material into the cell.
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